Quantitative estimation of water erosion hazards of soil in Sirwan district, based on the (EPM) model of Gavrilović and using (RS) and (GIS)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32410/huj-10488Keywords:
Risk, Soil Erosion, EPM Model, GavrilovicAbstract
Soil erosion, is one of the geomorphic risks which is the result of the natural and humanistic reasons. Water creates a great risk on human life and its activities, especially in the humid and rainy areas, the aim of this study is to show and identify the spatial extent and the annual rates of soil erosion which is caused by water, there are some Models among them, Gavrelovic that is known as (Erosion Potential Method, EPM) is the best one, This will determine the ratio of soil erosion due to Surface water and exhibit the range of the risk, This model relies on some equations that are determined by several criteria such as(slope ratio, vegetation cover, temperature, rainfall, geological or soil composition .etc.). Different Remote Sensing data and GIS tools were used to reach the results of this study. The results of the study show that there are six levels of soil erosion in the Sirwan district and the sixth level is the most dangerous and disastrous. Its annual volume of soil erosion is more than 20,000 m3 per square kilometer. Meanwhile, it covers a large area of the district (135.76 km2), which is only (33.75%) of the total area of the district.
References
يه‌كه‌م ــ سه‌رچاوه عه‌ره‌بيه‌كان:
ا ــ كتێب:
ــ الدليمي، خلف حسين على، علم شكل الأرض التطبيقي ــ الجيومورفولوجيا التطبيقية)،ط1، دار صفاء للطباعة والنشر، الأردن، 2012.
ــ مقيلي، محمد عياد، (2003)، المخاطر الهيدروجيومورفولوجية، دار شموع الثقافة، ط1، ليبيا.
ب ــ نامه‌ى ماسته‌ر و دكتۆرا:
ــ شعوان، جمال، (2015)، "توظيف الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية في دراسة التعريةالمائية بالريف الأوسط ــ حوض أمزاز أنموذجا ــ"، أطرحة دكتوراه غير منشورة، كلية الآداب والعلوم الانسانية سايس، جامعة سيدي محمد بن عبدالله، مصر.
Al Dulaimi, S. Z. K., & Mohamed, O. A. (2022). التوزيع الجغرافي لمحصول الرمان في حلبجة. Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities, 29(4), 254-280.
Ahmed, R. H. G. (2023). كاریگه‌رى جیۆلۆجیاو به‌رزونزمى له‌سه‌ر دابه‌شبوونى جوگرافى كانیاوه‌كانى ناحیه‌ى سیروان-پارێزگاى هه‌ڵه‌بجه: تأثير الجيولوجيا والطضاريس على التوزيع الجغرافي للينابيع في ناحية سيروان–محافظة حلبجة. Halabja University Journal, 8(2), 254-272.
دووه‌م: سه‌رچاوه ئينگليزيه‌كان:
Ahmed, et al., (2019), Using EPM Model and GIS for Estimation of Soil Erosion in Souss Basin, Morocco, Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 7(8): 1228-1232.
Bahramian & Ghaemmaghami, Milad & S.Hamid, , (2015), Modeling of the Specific Sedimentation And Erosion rat in Semirom Watershed using EPM Model and Geography information system (GIS), International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research,3(8), 78-87.
Baram, H.O., Mohammed, O.A., Hamaamin, H.K., Hamid, A.A. and Mustafa, R.L., 2021. Urbanization and its Effect on Land Surface Temperatures in Halabja City.
Dragičević N, et al., (2019) “Different approaches to estimation of drainage density and their effect on the erosion potential method’’, Water J,11,pp.1-14
Genesis T. et al., (2014), The use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess land degradation at multiple scales: a review of the current status, future trends, and practical considerations, Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies - LUCSUS Box 170, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
Kamal, et al., (2021), Erosion Potential Method (Gavrilović Method): Methodological improvements and application in Toudgha River catchment, southeast of Morocco, International Journal Water Sciences and Environment Technologies, 3(1): p.97-106.
Tadić & Šljuka, Elena & Andrijana, (2018), Erosion intensity assessment using Erosion Potential Method and Geographic Information Systems: A case study of Beocin Municipality, Serbia, Researches Review DGTH, 47(1), P32-43.
Zahnoum, et al., (2019), Estimation and cartography the water erosion by integration of the Gavrilovic “EPM” model using a GIS in the Mediterranean watershed: Lower Oued Kert watershed (Eastern Rif, Morocco), International journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 5(6): p.367-374.
Zuidam & Zuidam,Van & Cancelado, ( 1979), Terrain analysis and classification using aerial photographs. A geomorphological approach. ITC Textbook of Photo-interpretation 7(6): 1-310, ITC, Enschede.
سێيه‌م ــ داموده‌زگا حكوميه‌كان:
ــ حكومه‌تى هه‌رێمى كوردستان، (2021)، وه‌زاره‌تى پلاندانان، ده‌سته‌ى ئامارى هه‌رێم، به‌ڕێوه‌به‌رايه‌تى ئامار و نه‌خشه‌كێشانى سلێمانى، هۆبه‌ى (GIS)
ــ حكومه‌تى هه‌رێمى كوردستان، (2021)، وه‌زاره‌تى كشتوكاڵ و سه‌رچاوه‌كانى ئاو، به‌ڕێوه‌به‌رايه‌تى كشتوكاڵى هه‌ڵه‌بجه، به‌شى كه‌شناسى ــ وێستگه‌كانى (هه‌ڵه‌بجه، خورماڵ، بياره، ته‌وێڵه)، زانيارى بڵاونه‌كراوه.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Hemn Kamal Hamaamin, Nali Jawad Hamad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
