Hamarashid, M.A.A. 2024. The influences of the Sasanian and Byzantine systems on the Islamic systems during the era of Al-Rashideen Caliphate (11-40 AH / 632-661 AD):       . Halabja University Journal. 9, 1 (Mar. 2024), 188–199. DOI:https://doi.org/10.32410/huj-10516.